Effect of Oral Calcium Supplementation on Lipid Profile and Atherogenic Index of Plasma
Keywords:
calcium supplementation, lipid profile, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP)Abstract
*Visual Abstracts prepared by Dr. Monica Therese Cating-Cabral
Objective. To assess the effect of oral calcium supplementation on lipid profile and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP).
Methodology. This study was undertaken in 28 centrally obese male subjects [age 26.4 (6.5) years], BMI 31.6 (4.7) kg/m2, WC 99.4 (6.4) cm. All participants received six tablets of CaCO3 (250 mg of elemental calcium/ capsule, for a total of 1500 md/day) for 8 weeks. Serum lipid profile including triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL- C was measured at baseline and after intervention. AIP was calculated by using formula = log (TG/HDL-C).
Results. Oral calcium supplementation achieved a 22% (36 mg/dL, p<0.001) reduction in Triglyceride from baseline [163.4 (37.9) mg/dL] and 19.2% ( 5.8 mg/dL, p<0.001) increase in HDL-C from baseline [30.4 (7.4) mg/dL)]. There were no significant treatment effects on total cholesterol [217.1 (41.21) mg/dL vs 196.3 (46.2) mg/dL] and LDL-C [155.4 (45.1) mg/dL vs 136.3 (45.1) mg/dL]. Significant reduction in serum total cholesterol and LDL-C level was only found in dyslipidemic centrally obese subjects. AIP decreased significantly by 51% with calcium carbonate treatment [median and interquartile range; 0.35 (0.29-0.44) vs 0.17 (0.04-0.44), p<0.01].
Conclusion. Eight-week calcium supplementation at 1500 mg/day led to a significant change in lipid levels and AIP.
Downloads
References
Wu HY, Chen LL, Zheng J, Liao YF, Zhou M. Simple anthropometric indices in relation to cardiovascular risk factors in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients. Chin J Physiol. 2007;50(3):135-42.
Govers MJ, Van der Meet R. Effects of dietary calcium and phosphate on the intestinal interactions between calcium, phosphate, fatty acids, and bile acids. Gut. 1993;34:365–70.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.34.3.365.
Mitchell WD, Fyfe T, Smith DA. The effect of oral calcium on cholesterol metabolism. J Atheroscler Res. 1968;8:913–22.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0368-1319(68)80005-5.
Jacqmain M, Doucet E, Després J, Bouchard C, Tremblay A. Calcium intake, body composition, and lipoprotein-lipid concentrations in adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:1448–52.
Major GC, Alarie F, Doré J, Phouttama S, Trembl A. Supplementation with calcium and vitamin D enhances the beneficial effect of weight loss on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr.2007;85:54 –59.
Torres MR, Francischetti EA, Genelhu V, Sanjuliani AF. Effect of a high-calcium energy-reduced diet on abdominal obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese Brazilian subjects. Int J Clin Pract. 2010; 64(8):1076-83.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02312.x.
Reid IR, Ames R, Mason B, et al. Effects of calcium supplementation on lipids, blood pressure, and body composition in healthy older men: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91: 131–9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.28097.
Reid IR, Mason B, Horne A, et al. Effects of calcium supplementation on serum lipid concentrations in normal older women: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Med. 2002; 112:343–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(01)01138-X.
Bell L, Halstenson CE, Halstenson CJ, Macres M, Keane WF. Cholesterol-lowering effects of calcium carbonate in patients with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:2441–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1992.00400240061010.
Denke MA, Fox MM, Schulte MC. Short-term dietary calcium fortification increases fecal saturated fat content and reduces serum lipids in men. J Nutr. 1993;123:1047–53.
Yacowitz H, Fleischman AI, Bierenbaum ML. Effects of oral calcium on serum lipids in man. BMJ. 1965;1:1352–4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.5446.1352.
Carlson LA, Olsson AG, Oro L, Rossner S. Effects of oral calcium on serum cholesterol and triglycerides in patients with hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis 1971;14:391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9150(71)90067-0.
Shidfar F, Moghayedi M, Kerman SRJ, Hosseini S, Shidfar S. Effects of a calcium supplement on serum lipoproteins, apolipoprotein B, and blood pressure in overweight men. Int J Endocriol Metab. 2010;8(4):194–200.
Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry. 5th ed. WH, Freeman and company: New York, 2007.
Grover SA, Levington C, Panquest S. Identifying adults at low risk for significant hyperlipidemia: a validated clinical index. J.Clin.Epidemol.1999;52:49-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00139-5.
Dobiasova M. Atherogenic index of plasma [log(triglyceride/HDL-C- Cholesterol)]:Theoretical and practical implications. Clin Chem. 2004; 1113–5.
Nwagha UI. Atherogenic index of plasma as useful predictor of cardiovascular risk among postmenopausal women in Enugu, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci. 2010; 10(3): 248–52.
Ceska R. Clinical implications of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Vasc. Dis Res. 2007;4(3):S2–S4.
Khazaál MS, (2013). Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) as a parameter in predicting cardiovascular risk in males compared to the conventional dyslipidemic indices (cholesterol ratios). Karbala J. Med. 2013; 6(1): 1506-11.
Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;127(1):2-4.
Sanchez M, de la Sierra A, Coca A, et al. (1997) Oral calcium supplementation reduces intraplatelet free calcium concentration and insulin resistance in essential hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 1997; 29: 531-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.29.1.531.
Pikilidou MI , Lasaridis AN, Sarafidis PA, et al. Insulin sensitivity increase after calcium supplementation and change in intraplatelet calcium and sodium-hydrogen exchange in hypertensive patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine. 2009; 26: 211-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02673.x.
Albrink MJ, Meigs JW. The relationship between serum triglycerides and skinfold thickness in obese subject. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1967;131:673–7.
Davidson P, Albrink MJ. Abnormal plasma insulin response with high plasma triglycerides independent of clinical diabetes or obesity. J Clin Invest. 1966;45:1000.
Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972; 18: 499–502.
Pottgen P, Davis ER: Why measure total calcium? Clin Chem. 1979;22: 1752–1753.
Sallis JF, Haskell WL, Wood PD, et al. Physical activity assessment methodology in the five-city project. Am J Epidemiol. 1985; 121 (1): 91–106.
Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine. 2010.
Hia'es TG, Jacobson NL, Beitz D C , Littledike ET. Dietary calcium and Vitamin D: risk factors in the development of atherosclerosis in young goats. J Nutr. 1985; 115: 167–78.
Hsu HH, Culley NC. Effects of dietary calcium on atherosclerosis, aortic calcification, and icterus in rabbits fed a supplemental cholesterol diet. Lipids Health Dis. 2006; 5:16.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-5-16.
Susanti E, Donosepoetro M, Patellong I, Arif M. Differences between several atherogenic parameters in patients with controlled and uncontrolled type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Med J Indones. 2010; 19(2): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.13181/mji.v19i2.392.
Monarca S, Zerbini I, Donato F. Drinking-water hardness and cardiovascular diseases: A review of epidemiological studies 1979-2004. World Health Organization August 2004.
Kynast-Gales S A, Massey L K. Effect of dietary calcium from dietary products on ambulatory blood pressure in hypertensive men. J American Diet Assoc. 1992; 92: 1497-501.
Levey WA, Manore MM, Vaughan LA, et al. Blood pressure response of white men with hypertension to two low-sodium metabolic diets with different levels of dietary calcium. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995; 95:1280-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(95)00337-1.
Zemel MB, Shi H, Greer B, Dirienzo D, Zemel PC. Regulation of adiposity by dietary calcium. FASEB J. 2000;14:1132–8.
Zemel MB. Nutritional and endocrine modulation of intracellular calcium: implications in obesity, insulin resistance and hypertension. Mol Cell Biochem. 1998;188:129–36.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006880708475.
Shi H, Halvorsen YD, Ellis PN, Wilkison WO, Zemel MB. Role of intracellular calcium in human adipocyte differentiation. Physiol Genomics. 2000;3:75–82.
Michaud EJ, Mynatt RL, Miltenberger RJ, et al. Role of the agouti gene in obesity. J Endocrinol. 1997;155:207–9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1550207.
Saunders D, Sillery J, Chapman R. Effect of calcium carbonate and aluminum hydroxide on human intestinal function. Dig Dis Sci. 1988; 33: 408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01536023.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International. (full license at this link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/legalcode).
To obtain permission to translate/reproduce or download articles or use images FOR COMMERCIAL REUSE/BUSINESS PURPOSES from the Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies, kindly fill in the Permission Request for Use of Copyrighted Material and return as PDF file to jafes@asia.com or jafes.editor@gmail.com.
A written agreement shall be emailed to the requester should permission be granted.
