THE PREVALENCE OF COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AMONG ADULTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

Abstract

INTRODUCTION
Cognitive impairment is increasingly recognized as a significant complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), affecting memory, executive function, and processing speed. Despite its clinical relevance, cognitive impairment in T2DM often remains underdiagnosed, leading to poor disease management, reduced adherence to treatment, and diminished quality of life.

METHODOLOGY
This cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence of cognitive impairment among T2DM patients attending the Medical Outpatient Department (MOPD) and Integrated Diabetes Clinic at Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah and Hospital Sultan Abdul Halim, Kedah. Eligible participants were adults with T2DM, selected through convenience sampling. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and demographic data were collected.

RESULT
A total of 144 participants were included, comprising 88 females (61.1%) and 56 males (38.9%). The median age of participants was 56 years old. The majority were of Malay ethnicity (n = 125, 86.8%), followed by Indian (n = 14, 9.7%), Chinese (n = 4, 2.8%), and Thai (n = 1, 0.7%). Most participants (n = 90, 62.5%) were from low-income backgrounds. Educational attainment was limited, with 16% having no formal education or only primary-level education. Cognitive function assessment revealed that only 49 participants (34%) had normal cognitive function, while 72 participants (50%) exhibited mild cognitive impairment. Moderate cognitive impairment was observed in 21 participants (14.6%), and severe cognitive impairment was identified in 2 participants (1.4%).

CONCLUSION
This study reveals a strikingly high prevalence of cognitive impairment among individuals with T2DM, underscoring an urgent need for early detection and proactive intervention. As cognitive decline directly influences disease self-management, medication adherence, and overall quality of life, its integration into routine diabetes care is imperative.